Measurement and test
Seeing what a circuit or antenna is really doing.
MultimetersMeasuring volts, amps and ohms safely.OscilloscopesSeeing voltage against time.Spectrum analyzersSeeing signal strength against frequency.SWR and power metersChecking forward and reflected power.Antenna analyzers and VNAsMeasuring impedance, SWR and resonance across a band.Dummy loadsTesting a transmitter without radiating.Frequency counters and signal generatorsMeasuring and creating test signals.